Indeed, PARP-1 activity was 2.9-fold higher in CF (ΔF508/ΔF508) human bronchial epithelial primary cells than in non-CF cells, and similar results were obtained by comparing CF vs. non-CF bronchial epithelial cell lines (2.5-fold higher in CFBE41o− vs. 16HBE14o−, P < 0.002). The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is cystic fibrosis.