INS and Alzheimer disease: Beginning with the top 2 ranked pathways, numerous studies suggest links between disruption to the insulin signalling pathway and AD (Biessels and Kappelle, 2005; de la de la Monte and Wands, 2005; Liao and Xu, 2009; Liu et al., 2011; Steen et al., 2005), and to the role of vascular smooth muscle dysfunction in AD-associated neurodegeneration (Zlokovic, 2011).