TNF and Plasmodium falciparum malaria: Contrary to the recent suggestion that P. vivax elicits more inflammation than P. falciparum[21], [22], we found higher IL-10/TNF-α, IL-10/IFN-γ and IL-10/IL-6 ratios, but similar inflammatory cytokine responses per parasitized red blood cell, in vivax compared to falciparum malaria.