INS and Insulin resistance: In relation to insulin resistance, the mechanisms that can promote both atherogenesis and advanced plaque progression likely involve both systemic factors that promote these processes, particularly dyslipidemia, but also hypertension and a proinflammatory state as well as the effect of perturbed insulin signaling at the level of the intimal cells that participate in atherosclerosis (Bornfeldt and Tabas, 2011).