We found that while some CD4+ T cells in emphysema had increased relative abundance of elastin positive tetramers without any stimulation, in most cases, up to 10-fold increase in T cell binding to the tetramers was found following 3 days of T cell stimulation with EFs (Figures 7A,B and Figure A6 in Appendix). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and pulmonary emphysema.