CXCL1 and infection: Similarly in our study, induction of IL-1β preceded the up-regulation of other inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and chemokines such as IP-10 (CXCL10), KC (CXCL1), MCP-1 (CCL2), RANTES (CCL5), and MIP-1α (CCL3) in the serum of db/db mice at days 6 and 8 after infection (Fig. 7), which also correlated with the appearance of the WNV in various peripheral tissues and entry of the virus in the brain of db/db mice (Fig. 3).