Among other substrates, mammalian M13 peptidases hydrolyze and regulate activity of (1) neuropeptides (e.g. tachykinins and enkephalins) [170]; (2) vasoconstrictors and vasodilators involved in blood pressure control (e.g. atrial natriuretic peptide and endothelin-1) [211]; and (3) bombesins and endothelin-1, which e.g. stimulate migration in prostate cancer cells [212], [213]. This evidence concerns the gene NPPA and prostate cancer.