These receptors can activate multiple signaling pathways including phospholipase Cγ, ERK, PI3K/Akt, and NFκB [30], [31], mechanisms that are well-recognized in ASM as being important for [Ca2+]i regulation, cell proliferation and migration, and in mediating effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-13 in asthma [32], [33]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and asthma.