CD47 and urinary bladder neoplasm: As previously reported, circulating hematopoietic stem cells, human and mouse myeloid leukemia cells, human bladder tumor-initiating cells, and multiple myeloma cells all express CD47 at an elevated level, and antagonistic treatment with anti-CD47 antibody both in vivo and ex vivo can induce remission of these cancers in mouse and xenograft models [50]–[53], suggesting that strategies targeting CD47 may provide promising therapeutic avenues in a variety of malignancies, regardless of the underlying oncogenetic lesions.