TNF and malaria: The pathophysiology of severe malaria are usually associated with a polyclonal activation of the immune system and comprehends a complex network with production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, exacerbated production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1 and IL-8, as well by nuclear translocation of NF-κB [29]–[31].