Overexpression and knockdown experiments in androgen-dependent LNCaP-C33 human PCa cell line and its highly metastatic variant, androgen-independent LNCaP-LN3 have shown that MIC-1/GDF15 can promote the proliferation of androgen receptor (AR+)-positive LNCaP cells via the stimulation of the ERK-1/2 signal pathway [20]. Here, AR is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.