CXCR4 and neoplasm: Additional NF-κB target genes which contribute tumor cell migration and/or metastasis include cellular adhesion molecular, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 [49]; matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-9; chemokine receptors, such as CXCR4, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [50].