The IIS pathway has been found to modulate lifespan, stress and pathogen resistance in Drosophila. Flies with mutations conferring increased lifespan (puckered or puc in the JNK signaling pathway and Chico in insulin signaling pathway) as well as dietary restricted flies were tested for their ability to survive infection with different pathogens and activate the transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes in response to pathogenic challenge [110]. Here, INS is linked to infection.