Our current study identifies A2t as a novel L2-specific HPV16 receptor that is involved in internalization and infection of epithelial cells, but future studies are needed to determine where A2t may fit in this proposed ligand-induced macropinocytosis related pathway and whether previously identified HPV receptors and cofactors such as HSPG, integrins, growth factors and growth factor receptors, tetraspanins and cyclophilins actively interact with A2t during HPV internalization and infection. This evidence concerns the gene PPIB and infection.