However, these results do not explain why: (1) hantaviruses induce IFN and ISG responses in the presence of high levels of N protein; (2) all hantaviruses induce high levels of IFN and ISG at late times after infection; or (3) pathogenic hantavirus replication is insensitive to the late induction of IFN and occurs in the presence of high level ISG and MxA induction [87]. Here, MX1 is linked to infection.