In addition, for CXCL14, it enhanced the insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors and insulin receptor substrate-1, suggesting that CXCL14 played a causal role in high-fat diet-induced obesity, which was frequently associated with hypertension (one type of cardiovascular diseases) (Takahashi et al., 2007). Here, IRS1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.