PGF and preeclampsia: Previous studies have demonstrated elevated blood sFlt-1 levels or reduced blood PlGF levels in women whose pregnancies were complicated by intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension (Asvold et al. 2011; Levine et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2007; Thadhani et al. 2004), and in infants of mothers with preeclampsia (Catarino et al. 2009; Staff et al. 2005); but other studies reported no associations or associations in the opposite direction (Asvold et al. 2011; Jacobs et al. 2011; Smith et al. 2007; Thadhani et al. 2004; Widmer et al. 2007).