Krechler et al. have studied the associations of the single nucleotide polymorphism -23HphI, which neighbors the variable number of tandem repeats locus in the upstream promoter of the insulin gene (INS), with PanCa and type 2 diabetes, and found that polymorphism of -23HphI (A/T) may play a role in the pathogenesis of PanCa and could contribute to tumor staging [30]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.