CREB1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: It has been previously shown that β-adrenergic signaling phosphorylates multiple signaling proteins in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, including CREB, ERK, Akt, and Src [17], [38] and that the phosphorylated forms of these proteins are also induced in pancreatic cancer xenografts of stress-exposed mice [18].