TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The rapid release of dead insulin-autoreactive T cells supports the hypothesis, first demonstrated in the NOD-mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, that BCG ameliorates the advanced autoimmune process underlying type 1 diabetes by stimulating TNF, which selectively kills only disease-causing cells and, further, permits pancreas regeneration [7], [8] as evidenced by the transient increase in C-peptide secretion we observed using an ultrasensitive C-peptide assay.