As shown in Fig. 2 A, the conjugation of Atg5 and Atg16 was obviously increased after infection with IAV A/ShanTou/169/06 (NC group comparing with the BG group), and evodiamine could obviously inhibit this process (Evo group comparing with the NC group), which also indicated that evodiamine could inhibit the formation of the Atg5-Atg12/atg16 heterotrimer. Here, ATG12 is linked to infection.