At multivariate logistic regression analysis conducted in patients and controls with complete metabolic data, FFAs (OR 1.013, 95% c.i. 1.007-1.018; p < 0.0001) and adiponectin (OR 0.870, 95% c.i. 0.794-0.953; p = 0.003) were associated with NAFLD independently of age, sex, BMI, glucose, and insulin levels (Table 2). Here, INS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.