Although the association of HDL apoC-III with BMI Z score was not affected by fasting glucose, the association was affected by fasting insulin in boys but not girls.This may reflect an association with insulin resistance characterized by increased insulin levels before progressing to lower insulin levels with the onset of diabetes, and is consistent with an effect of insulin resistance on apoC-III transcription via failed phosphorylation of the transcription factor, foxo-1 resulting in continued apoC-III transcription [24], thus increasing total and HDL apoC-III. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.