In boys, total testosterone and free testosterone are associated with decreased HDL-C and apoA-1 during puberty [13,14], concurring with our observations in the same Cherokee population that obesity-related decreases in HDL-C and in lipoproteins containing either apoA-I or both apoA-I and apoA-II were greater in boys aged 15 to 19 years than in girls [15]. The gene discussed is APOA1; the disease is obesity disorder.