In view that estrogen levels can selectively affect the expression and subcellular distribution of the angiotensin type 1 receptors within RVLM neurons [42], and that PI3K/Akt signaling pathways is involved in angiotensin 1-7-induced protection against cardiac hypertrophy [43], interactions between ERs and renin-angiotensin system at RVLM in central cardiovascular regulation also warrant further investigation. Here, REN is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.