TLR4 and shigellosis: The pathogen-induced tissue injury is mediated, in part, by the TLR4-MD-2-LPS complex (Ohto et al, 2007, 2012; Park et al, 2009), and shigellosis provides a well-defined in vivo model for studying such damage (Perdomo et al, 1994; Raqib et al, 1995; Schnupf & Sansonetti, 2012; Singer & Sansonetti, 2004).