BMP4 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In 2009, Capasso et al. [15] found that cutaneous melanoma-associated c.455T > C (rs17563) BMP4 polymorphism, resulting in an amino acid change from valine to alanine at residue 152 (p.Val152Ala), affects BMP4 gene expression, and Boettcher et al. suggested that the obesity-associated c.67 + 5659A > T (rs7922846) BMPR1A polymorphism modulates BMPR1A mRNA levels [16].