T1DM was defined with the following criteria: absolute insulin deficiency (urine C-peptide levels < 20 μg/day, fasting serum C-peptide levels < 0.5 μg/mL, or serum C-peptide levels < 1.0 μg/mL after loading), susceptibility to ketosis, and requirement of insulin therapy within 1 year after diagnosis; all patients in this study required insulin injections. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.