TNF and infection: Thus, infection of human [44], [45], [46], [47] and mouse [48], [49] MΦ as well as human [44], [50], [51] and mouse [48], [52] DCs in vitro stimulates TNF and IL-12 transcription and secretion as well as maturation of DCs, as shown for Mtb[7], [44], [48], [52], M. bovis[53], BCG [44], [45], [50] and M. avium infections [51].