Only 1 study showing promoter hypermethylation in MGMT, P16INK4α, RASSF1A, DAPK, and RAR-β in lung cancer patients reported risk estimates adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and protein tumor marker.47 Recently, Epigenomics AG49 conducted a multistage study to identify and validate methylation biomarkers for colorectal cancer. This evidence concerns the gene CDKN2A and neoplasm.