Similar to infection with Lm, it has been shown that ex vivo antigen presentation by DC harvested 24 or 48 h following either subcutaneous or intravenous infection with HSV-1, influenza, or vaccinia virus infection is also limited to the CD8α+ DC subset (Belz et al., 2004), although the roles of direct infection vs. cross-presentation in these studies were not separated. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and infection.