This contradiction could possibly be explained by the fact that the increased expression and activation of the TGF-β ligand during carcinogenesis is often accompanied by a decreased expression or inactivation of the TGF-β receptors resulting in an unresponsiveness of the tumor cells to TGF-β-induced growth inhibition (Roberts and Wakefield, 2003; Jeon and Jen, 2010). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.