TNF and autoimmune disease: Several agents such as TNF, IL-10, dexamethasone, vitamin D3 and vasoactive intestinal peptide have been reported to modulate the maturation of DC transforming these cells into immature or semi-mature phenotypes; thus affecting the outcome of the adaptive immune response by inducing tolerance through Treg cells generation or other protective mechanisms against autoimmune disease [28], [29], [30].