Fig. 1A demonstrates that MAVS phosphorylation occurred as early as 15 min post-infection and increased between 30 min and 60 min. In concert with this finding, MAVS also underwent tyrosine phosphorylation as virus titers increased (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, MAVS phosphorylation also occurred in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and human hepatocyte cancer HepG2 cells (Fig. 1C and Fig. 1D). Here, MAVS is linked to breast carcinoma.