In addition, the persistent hyperglycemia also induced cognitive dysfunction associated with increasing levels of COX1, COX2, NF-κB, CD45, microglia/astrocytes activation, and apoptosis in the hippocampus and decreasing levels of noradrenergic neurons in the LC and serotonergic neurons in the Raphe nuclei. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Hyperglycemia.