As there are no more detailed studies on the relationship between parasitic infection and PONs, particularly PON2 and PON3, further mechanistic investigations would be valuable in exploring the measures to counteract the inflammatory and oxidative processes in parasitic infections and in providing new insights into the roles played by these infections during atherogenesis regarding that the typical immune response in the initial steps of atherogenesis is TH1 [145-147]. The gene discussed is PON3; the disease is infection.