Pro-inflammatory cytokines which in vitro stimulate fibroblast proliferation and chemotaxis, but inhibit collagen production. Upregulated in the bleomycin model, and overexpression in vivo induces inflammation and fibrosis, with fibrosis likely mediated by TGF-β. Inhibition of TNF-α in patients with IPF did not improve outcomes. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.