TNF and infection: In addition, upon F4ac ETEC infection we also observed up-regulation of a range of important pro-inflammatory transcripts including TNF (also known as TNF-α/TNFA), CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL10, LIF, IL1A, CSF2 (also known as GM-CSF), CSF3 (also known as G-CSF), and IL12A, whereas some of them (IL1A, TNF, CXCL10, CSF2 and CSF3) were not significantly enhanced by F4ab ETEC infection and only IL12A, CXCL2 and CXCL10 were significantly up-regulated by F18ac ETEC (Figure 3).