DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: DMD is a lethal X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene thatlead to a shift in the reading frame and an early stop codon, causing the loss or reductionin the synthesis of the dystrophin protein, which finally prevents the assembly of thedystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) (Ameen and Robson 2010).