Of the ten cellular proteins pulled down with either genome end, poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), hnRNP Q, and glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS) were confirmed to enhance TGEV infection through their respective interactions with the TGEV 3' end, while glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)—originally employed as a control—was discovered, surprisingly, to have a diminishing effect on TGEV infection instead [171]. Here, GAPDH is linked to infection.