TLR1 and spirochaetales infections: T. pallidum contains abundant lipoproteins which are capable of activating macrophages and DCs via CD14 [10]–[13] and Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and TLR2-dependent signaling pathways [11], [12], [14]–[16]; consequently, these pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are believed to be major pro-inflammatory agonists during spirochetal infection [17].