TP53 and fetal growth restriction: The aims of this work were (1) to compare autophagy in the placentas from women with normal pregnancies to those with pregnancies complicated by IUGR, preeclampsia (PE), or both (PE+IUGR); (2) to study the levels of p53 and trophoblast apoptosis in the placentas between women with normal and IUGR pregnancies; (3) to examine the effects of hypoxia and reagents that regulate the activity of p53 on trophoblast autophagy; and (4) to investigate the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in trophoblasts exposed to hypoxia.