TLR2 and lung carcinoma: For example, TLR2 signaling can promote lung cancer cell growth and resistance to apoptosis [7], [8]; TLR3-dependent signaling can directly lead to apoptosis in human breast cancer [6]; through their actions on metalloproteases and integrins, TLR2 and TLR9 can lead to increased invasiveness and metastasis [8], [9]; TLR4 can mediate metastasis that actively advances tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and survival of prostate cancer cells [10].