In addition to these IgE-mediated triggers of anaphylaxis, other causes of anaphylaxis that should be considered include: galactose alpha-1,3-galactose, a carbohydrate contained in red meat that was recently described to cause anaphylaxis [19]; non-IgE-triggered mechanisms, such as through the complement and coagulation pathways initiated by oversulfated chondroitin components in heparin [20]; reactions in patients with mastocytosis and mast cell disorders; and idiopathic anaphylaxis [21••]. Here, IGHE is linked to idiopathic anaphylaxis.