Finally in two rat models of renal hypoperfusion, unilateral renal artery stenosis and infarction-induced heart failure, it was shown a diminished renalase production and a concomitant increase of circulating norepinephrine suggesting that impaired synthesis of renalase by the kidney may represent a potential mechanism underlying circulating norepinephrine accumulation in heart failure [5,6]. Here, RNLS is linked to heart failure.