Network #3 (Figure 5, score 25) was assembled from 14 genes that were upregulated in male VICs and centers on TGF-β1, a cytokine well known to be involved in CAVD [13], [15], [34], and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which is involved in lipid metabolism. This evidence concerns the gene LDLR and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation.