TGFB1 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: Although much remains to be learned about the etiology of CAVD, analyses of calcified human valve explants have identified several hallmark characteristics of CAVD, such as: presence of inflammatory cells/molecules, angiogenesis, lipid deposition, extracellular matrix disarray, elevated cellular migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, and increased transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression [1], [14]–[16].