TGFB1 and infection: Natural Tregs whichexpress Foxp3 and antigen-specific Tregs which secrete IL-10 and/or TGF-β,termed Tr1 or Th3 cells, play a protective role in immunity to infection bycontrolling infection-induced immunopathology [10].However, induction of Tregs to suppress the host’s protective immuneresponses is also a potent immune subversion strategy utilized by many pathogens,including S. japonicum, to prolong their survival [11], [12].Both thymus-derived natural Tregs and pathogen-induced peripheral Tregs couldcontribute to the immune suppression observed during infection [13].