INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Until recently, the major drugs utilized for treating type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were members of the sulfonylurea or meglitinide family, targeted at stimulating insulin secretion, biguanides (e.g. metformin) or thiazolidinediones, for reducing hepatic glucose output and insulin resistance, and α-glucosidase inhibitors for lowering carbohydrate digestion [1]–[2].