MAPK8 and aneurysm: Although historically, studies have focused on canonical TGFβ signaling, growing evidence now shows that non-canonical signaling pathways such as those involving the MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) also have an important role in aneurysm development [20].