SCN9A and metastatic carcinoma: Pathologic conditions can also arise from the up regulation of the VGSC, as for example in highly aggressive prostate (Nav1.7) and breast (Nav1.5) metastatic carcinomas, An improved understanding of the critical role of the molecular composition of ion channel complexes, the influence of protein partners, and the specific cellular domains underlying protein interactions, are essential for the development of new therapies to treat channelopathies associated with VGSC.