In a recent clinical study, increased concentrations of MMP-12 and elastin degradation products were detected in the serum of pregnant women infected with T.  gondii. Co-immunoprecipitation of MMP-12 with elastin suggested that MMP-12 might mediate the pathological degradation of elastin in pregnant women with toxoplasmosis [210, 227]. Here, ELN is linked to toxoplasmosis.